Continuance in British living history of our era will at some point bring one to encounter a complex set of social rules governing peerages (noble titles) -- usually unexplained. Some of the Richmond's family of members portray a persona connected to nobility. British society was a class system and the Royal Navy officer's career was greatly influenced by his connections.

Although nearly everyone has heard the terms "baron" and "earl" and "duke," and has some vague notion that dukes are highly exalted and an earl sounds better than a baron, most people (outside Britain, anyway) know very little more on the subject. Understanding the underlying framework can add greatly to one's enjoyment of interacting in British living history of our era. This set of web pages attempts to explain the British peerage in coherent English for both the uninitiated and the Anglophile.

Included is a bibliography and copious footnotes. One goal is to provide a citation for every fact asserted; otherwise, how would you know that what is presented here is correct? Discovered, in the process of finding a source to back up every assertion, that my understanding (or perhaps just my memory) was sometimes wrong, and have amended the text accordingly.

In many places I have borrowed and paraphrased extensively from sources, but in every case I have cited to the work in question, and used quotation marks where appropriate. The footnotes do not precisely follow an academic style appropriate to papers or books, but a modified one I think is more appropriate to web publishing: specifically, all footnote references are to book titles, with pages cited and a link to the book's entry in the bibliography, or, if the citation is to a website, a link to it.

Contributors to these pages include Arlene Sindelar, John Hopfner, and Leila Dooley. Special thanks to Eileen Kendall for her patience with me!


To whom the Richmond is deeply indebted for this Masterpiece of Peerage framework.

Table of Contents

Links to other Sites


Bibliography

The British Monarchy: The Official Website. London: COI Publications, 1997. www.royal.gov.uk.

Burke, Sir Bernard. A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire. London: Harrison, 1883.

Camelot International Website: The Peerage. 1996. www.camelotintl.com/heritage/peerage.html

Crystal, David, ed. Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia: The Online Edition at www.Biography.com. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Cook, Chris and John Stevenson. British Historical Facts 1760-1830. London: MacMillan, 1980.

Debrett's Peerage, 1812 edition.

Debrett's Peerage, 1909 edition.

The English Peerage, or, a View of the Ancient and Present State of the English Nobility. London: 1790. midas.ac.uk/genuki/big/eng/History/Barons/

House of Lords Web Pages. London: The Stationary Office, 1997. www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld/ldhome.htm

Kroenenberger, Louis. Marlborough's Duchess: A Study in Worldliness. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958.

Leveson Gower, Sir George, and Iris Palmer, Eds.  Hary-O: The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796-1809.  London:  John Murray, 1940.

Mavor, Elizabeth. The Virgin Mistress: A Study in Survival. New York: Doubleday, 1964.

Mists of Antiquity Essays. Baronage Press. www.baronage.co.uk

Montague-Smith, Patrick. Debrett's Correct Form, rev. ed. London: Headline Book Publishing, 1992.

Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. Blenheim Revisited: The Spencer-Churchills and their Palace. New York: Beaufort Books, 1985.

Murray, Venetia. Castle Howard: The Life and Times of a Stately Home. London: Viking, 1994.

Pearson, John. The Serpent and the Stag: The Saga of England's Powerful and Glamourous Cavendish Family from the Age of Henry the Eighth to the Present. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

Peerage Database. Originally compiled by John Bloore, 1995. Enlarged, enhanced, and corrected by Laura Wallace, 1995-98.

The Present Peerage of the United Kingdom for the Year 1818, with the Arms of the Peers. To which are Prefixed, the Established Order of Precedency, and an English Translation of the Mottoes. Printed for William Stockdale, No. 181 Piccadilly. Printed by J. Brettell, Rupert Street, Haymarket, London, 1818.

Tillyard, Stella. Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740-1832. New York: Noonday Press, 1994.

Titles and Forms of Address:  A Guide to Their Correct Use. London:   A. & C. Black Ltd., Third Edition, 1932.

Valentine, Alan. The British Establishment 1760-1784: An Eighteenth-Century Biographical Dictionary. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.

Winchester, Simon. Their Noble Lordships: Class and Power in Modern Britain. New York: Random House, 1982.

Notes

Repair to the Family Participation Page | Repair to the Site Index Page rlborough in Debrett's Peerage 1909, which quotes the Act of 6 Anne (cap. vii), citing as its authority the Statutes of the Realm and the Rolls of Parliament (Lords' Journal).

Repair to the Family Participation Page | Repair to the Site Index Page